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Notes from Executive Director Scott Garrison – June 2024

Jun 3, 2024 | News

Continuing from my May MCLS newsletter piece on artificial intelligence (AI), this month I’ll recap Western Michigan University (WMU) Libraries Associate Dean Mary O’Kelly’s excellent presentation on using AI tools for research and writing at the recent Michigan Academic Library Association (MiALA) conference. Many facets of AI and how various industries are using AI tools show up in the news on a daily basis, and O’Kelly noted that current AI tools are affecting every aspect of education. In an interactive presentation that included poll questions she asked the audience via Mentimeter (which itself can group responses using AI), O’Kelly focused on three complementary AI tools that, used together, can search, analyze, and draft research articles: 

  1. Litmaps allows us to search Google Scholar for a topic and creates a mindmap connecting a set of related articles that shows number of references, number of times cited, and date for each. To reorient around an article’s references or citations, simply click on that article in the map and then Litmap’s references or citations function in the article brief summary view. Litmap’s color-coded tagging feature allows us to see articles we’ve tagged as we shift our view around a related set of articles via references or citations (where relevant). Litmaps also links out to article full text (subscription required in many cases), and can export a list of tagged references. Litmaps uses AI to analyze content for connections and pulls article metadata from Crossref, Semantic Scholar, and OpenAlex. 
  2. Elicit allows us to ask a research question and summarizes a set of articles in a top paragraph with citations. It displays the set in a table that can include user-selectable columns for basic citation information, summary, main findings, methodology, summary of discussion, and more. Elicit can also analyze PDF files the user uploads to it. Like Litmaps, Elicit searches academic papers from Semantic Scholar. 
  3. Once we’ve found relevant research articles, we can upload or paste full text and data into Claude, which can write an essay that compares and summarizes the information we provide it (and we can copy and paste the summary into other software for further editing). Claude can also create a bibliography in our preferred style. O’Kelly considers Claude the most powerful text analysis tool available. It was built by Anthropic (former OpenAI employees) to be more trustworthy and reliable than other tools such as ChatGPT.  

Having experimented a bit with ChatGPT and then Claude, I got curious about how each was trained. When I asked ChatGPT how it is trained, it replied: 

“I’ve been trained on a diverse range of internet text, including books, articles, websites, and other sources, to develop a broad understanding of human language. My training involves processing vast amounts of text data and learning the patterns and structures inherent in language, allowing me to generate responses to various prompts. If you have any specific questions about my training or how I work, feel free to ask!” 

When I asked Claude how it is trained, it replied: 

“I was trained using constitutional AI, which involves using machine learning techniques to align my behaviors with certain guidelines or principles during the training process. From what I understand, the key aspects of my training approach were: 

  1. Oversight and Curation: The training data I ingested was carefully curated and filtered by the Anthropic team to remove potential sources of bias, toxicity, or misinformation. 
  2. Constitutional Rules: A set of key principles around being helpful, harmless, honest, ethical, and protecting individual privacy were encoded into the reinforcement learning that shaped my behavior. 
  3. Multi-Task Learning: In addition to open-ended dialogue, I was trained on a wide variety of tasks like analysis, coding, math, and question-answering using a diverse corpus of high-quality data sources. 
  4. Iterative Refinement: My outputs were continuously evaluated and my training was refined through techniques like reinforcement learning and recursive reward modeling to better align me with Anthropic’s intended principles. 
  5. Knowledge Cutoff: My training data cutoff in August 2023, giving me a stable and consistent knowledge base that doesn’t shift over time. 

However, many of the technical details like model architecture, computer resources used, hyperparameters, and the precise data sources involved are not known to me. I aim to be as transparent as I can about my training while respecting the intellectual property of Anthropic. Please let me know if you have any other questions!”  

Noting Claude’s transparency and being curious for more about ChatGPT, I also asked Claude how ChatGPT was trained. It replied:  

“I don’t have insider knowledge about the specific training process used for ChatGPT, as that is proprietary information held by OpenAI. However, based on publicly available information, we know some key points about how ChatGPT was trained: 

  1. Constitutional AI: ChatGPT was trained using an approach called “constitutional AI” developed by researchers at OpenAI. This involves using reinforcement learning to instill desired behavior in alignment with set of rules or guidelines. 
  2. Web Data: A substantial portion of ChatGPT’s training data comes from crawling and ingesting a massive corpus of text data from the internet, including websites, books, articles, and other online content. 
  3. Supervised Fine-Tuning: After pretraining on the broad web data, ChatGPT went through additional supervised fine-tuning on smaller, curated datasets to enhance its abilities in areas like question-answering and dialogue. 
  4. Reinforcement Learning: Techniques like reinforcement learning from human feedback were used to refine ChatGPT’s outputs to be more relevant, truthful and harmless. 
  5. Model Scale: ChatGPT leverages an extremely large neural network model with over 175 billion parameters, allowing it to ingest and learn patterns from a staggering amount of training data. 

However, many details about the model architecture, computer resources used, hyperparameters, techniques to instill certain capabilities, and the exact datasets involved remain closely guarded by OpenAI. Their published research only discloses high-level methodologies. But this outlines the general training approach at a high level from publicly available information. Let me know if you need any other perspective on this topic!” 

When I asked Claude to compare its own training with ChatGPT’s, it told me the following based on publicly available information, which I’ll summarize here: 

  1. ChatGPT was primarily trained through crawling a large number of Web pages, and Claude’s training was curated and filtered by Anthropic. 
  2. Both were trained using constitutional AI, with Claude’s training instilling principles around being helpful, harmless, honest, and ethical. 
  3. While ChatGPT’s training data is updated periodically, Claude has a training cutoff of August 2023, which it says provides stable and consistent knowledge. 
  4. Claude has undergone multi-task training across areas like analysis, coding, math, and question-answering, and to Claude, ChatGPT’s training “seems more focused on general language skills and open-domain knowledge.” 
  5. Finally, whereas ChatGPT uses a 175 billion-parameter model, Claude’s model “is comparatively smaller in scale.” 

Although Claude can hallucinate like other LLMs do, users can upload the exact text they want to analyze, minimizing errors. Claude also has been programmed to say, “I don’t know,” and to respond only if confident in its response, if prompted to do so. Claude can analyze pasted text and uploaded Excel .cvs files, Word documents, PDFs, and .txt, .rtf, and .epub files. It can also be embedded into Google Sheets to provide even more data analysis help. ChatGPT told me that I could paste text into a conversation with it, or provide it links to publicly available content.   

O’Kelly briefly mentioned some other AI-based tools such as the Packback writing/grading assistant, Clarivate’s Alethea deep reading tutor (see also a May 21 press release for more about Clarivate’s AI strategy), and ResearchRabbit, and noted that Zotero now has ARIA, an AI-based plugin. She also touched on what some tools purport to do versus actual mixed results, and some tools’ false alarms when trying to detect AI in student work. In closing, O’Kelly emphasized that vendors are putting AI into their systems that libraries and their users will need to understand, and that faculty and students are using tools like she described. She asked the audience to consider what all of this means in terms of library discovery, how users use library collections, and the library’s role. O’Kelly suggested that session participants watch for more on the paradoxes of AI in academic libraries from a chapter she is writing for the forthcoming book AI for Academic Libraries: Navigating the Future. 

My thanks to Mary O’Kelly for her enlightening presentation, and her guidance on this summary.  

What are you doing with AI currently, and what do you think about it? Let me know, at garrisons@mcls.org. 

Related News

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North Adams Memorial Community Library is preserving and celebrating local history  

by MCLS Engagement Strategist Laura Warren-Gross 

North Adams Memorial Community Library opened its new facility in 2020 during COVID-19. Now, six years later they are fully open, and the community is making use of their engaging spaces and programs. The North Adams community passed a millage in August of 2026 which will allow the staff and board to continue focusing on their strategic goals of access, being a community hub, providing opportunities for lifelong learning, and preserving local history and culture. 

The library is located near the K-12 school and when I visited with director Mariel Busch in early June over 200 students were already registered for summer reading. Through a partnership with local businesses and the village, a sidewalk was being constructed to connect the school grounds to the library parking lot so that kids can easily walk between the two facilities. 

Mariel has recently earned her MLIS from Wayne State University with a concentration in Archival Administration, and she is putting that knowledge to use by creating a local history room. Back issues of the region’s newspaper have been donated to the library, and the staff is working to digitize them. They also have an extensive history of the town written by Marie Davis. With the permission of the family, the library staff is working to digitize this precious information for the enjoyment of future generations. Though they have borrowed a digitization kit previously, Mariel hopes to own equipment via grant funding to do this work. 

As a place to discover local history, engage in programming, and borrow resources, North Adams Community Memorial Library is a vibrant hub for everyone who walks through the doors. 

What makes your library unique? Engagement, Consulting, and Training team members would love to hear about your library and share your story! Interested? Contact us at engagement@mcls.org. 

Aug 28, 2026

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Join MCLS for a day of hands-on learning at the 2026 Members Annual Event!

Event Details

Presenters: Kate McDowell (keynote) and Thom Fladung (workshop)

Date: Friday, Oct. 9, 2026

Attendance options:

  1. In-person – full program: 9:15 a.m. – 3:30 p.m. Eastern
  2. Virtual – opening remarks & keynote address: 9:45 – 11:30 a.m. Eastern

Location:
St. Joseph County Public Library Community Learning Center
305 S. Michigan St., South Bend, IN 46601
Google Maps


Registration

Choose how to attend:

• In person (REGISTER HERE)
Register by 5 p.m. on Sept. 18
$75 per person (includes a light breakfast, lunch, and beverages)

• Virtual (REGISTER HERE)
Register by 12 p.m. on Oct. 7
$25 per person to participate in the opening remarks and keynote live on Zoom

Registration is limited and open to anyone from an MCLS member organization. Check your membership status here. Not a member? Join today!


Overnight Accommodations

MCLS has secured a special group rate of $149.00 USD at the following nearby hotel:

Aloft by Marriott South Bend
111 N Main St., South Bend, IN 46601
Phone: 574-288-8000
Google Maps

Check In: Thursday, Oct. 8, 2026.
Check Out: Friday, Oct. 9, 2026
Hotel reservation link

The last day to book your stay at the special group rate is Tuesday, Sept. 8, 2026.


About the Program

Agenda

Times are Eastern (local time) and subject to change.

9:15 a.m.           Registration/ light breakfast (fruit, pastries, and beverages)
10 a.m.              Opening remarks by MCLS
10:30 a.m.         Keynote: Data Storytelling in Libraries presented by Kate McDowell
11:30 a.m.         Workshop: Crisis Communication with Thom Fladung
12:30 p.m.         Lunch (taco bar, dessert, and beverages)
1:30 p.m.           Workshop: Crisis Communication with Thom Fladung
3 p.m.                Wrap-up
TBA Experiential library tour: SJCPL

Experiential library tour

St. Joseph County Public Library is planning a unique tour experience for in-person attendees!

Learn more about the resources, services, and spaces that SJCPL’s Main Library has to offer on a staff led tour. Highlights will include:

  • The Youth Services Department
  • The library’s new bookmobile, The Dream Machine
  • Studio 304
  • A hands-on learning activity in the Local & Family History Department
  • Crisis Intervention staff, including the library’s in-house social worker, will also be available to discuss how SJCPL has moved to a trauma informed approach when interacting with patrons. 

Note: tour times will be determined based on feedback from the event registration form.


Keynote Address

Photo credit: KateMcDowell.com

Kate McDowell, author and professor at the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign will present on data storytelling in libraries.

About Kate McDowell 

Professor Kate McDowell focuses on storytelling as information research, social justice storytelling, and how the history of library storytelling can enhance contemporary data storytelling. Her projects engage contexts such as public libraries, non-profit fundraising, and health misinformation in online discourse. This research takes many forms, from publications to storytelling workshops and toolkits to research roles with international coalitions and working groups. She leads the nationally-funded Data Storytelling Toolkit for Librarians project to equip libraries with narrative tools for data-informed advocacy, which has been used by over 5,000 librarians in over 50 countries so far. Her book for libraries, Critical Data Storytelling for Libraries: Crafting Ethical Narratives for Advocacy and Impact, came out in 2025. 

Read more about Kate McDowell on her website

Workshop: Putting Crisis Communications in Play

Photo credit: crisiscommunications.com

Thom Fladung will lead a hands-on workshop on crisis communication best practices and techniques including brainstorming key messages and participating in mock interviews, to help you prepare for any media interview or public speaking opportunity. With his practical approach to instruction and years of experience, you will walk away with pragmatic tips and best practices that you can put into play immediately to effectively communicate during a crisis.

About Thom Fladung

Thom Fladung serves as managing partner for Hennes Communications. He brings more than 33 years of daily newspaper and digital media experience to the agency, having served as a top editor at some of the nation’s largest newspapers such as the Cleveland Plain Dealer and the Detroit Free Press. Over the past decade, Fladung has also played a lead role in helping newsrooms enter the digital age, including web, social media and handheld digital devices.

Thom is an expert at crafting effective, strategic messages on hard deadlines. He is also experienced at quickly evaluating, assembling and disseminating information – crisis management skills that are critically important for clients coping with reputation management issues and breaking crises. In 2017, Thom received the Communicator of the Year award from the International Association of Business Communicators.

Learn more about Thom on the Hennes Communications website.



Special thanks to our location sponsor

Aug 26, 2026

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Insights from Executive Director Scott Garrison

Fall conference and event season is just around the corner, and I encourage you to engage with MCLS staff and Board of Directors members when our paths cross this fall. 

In September, we’ll have staff and Board members at the following conference: 

Upper Peninsula Region of Library Cooperation Annual Conference (September 21-22)  

  • Scott Garrison, Executive Director 
  • Andrea Ingmire, MCLS Board Michigan At-Large Representative 
  • Tara Kanon, MeLCat Support Specialist and Statewide Delivery Coordinator 
  • David Votta, Interim State Librarian of Michigan 
  • Lisa Waskin, MCLS Board Michigan Public Library Representative 

In October, find us at the following conferences and events: 

Association for Library Service to Children National Institute (October 1-3) 

  • Ann Kaskinen, TALK Program Coordinator 

MCLS Members Annual Event (October 9 – list below subject to change) 

  • Sarah Beaubien, eLicensing and Collection Resources Manager 
  • Sean Cwiek, IT Manager 
  • Jan Davidson, Library Consultant 
  • Megan Dudek, Shared Library Systems Manager 
  • Scott Garrison, Executive Director 
  • Gwen Haviland, Membership and Training Coordinator/Project Specialist 
  • Mike Hawthorne, MCLS Board Michigan Research Library Representative (President) 
  • Kalyn Huson, Association Coordinator and Administrative Specialist 
  • Tara Kanon, MeLCat Support Specialist and Statewide Delivery Coordinator 
  • Ann Kaskinen, TALK Program Coordinator 
  • Jenny Kobiela-Mondor, Library Strategist 
  • Kendra Lake, MCLS Board Michigan Academic Library Representative (Vice President) 
  • Beth McNeil, MCLS Board Indiana At-Large Representative (Secretary) 
  • James Orme, Financial Controller/Business Manager 
  • Stephen Patton, MCLS Board Indiana At-Large Representative (Treasurer) 
  • Josh Petrusa, MCLS Board Indiana Academic Library Representative 
  • Mary Ruthko, Marketing and Communication Specialist 
  • Pam Seabolt, Engagement, Consulting, and Training Manager 
  • Trista Smith, MCLS Board Indiana Public Library Representative 
  • Laura Warren-Gross, Engagement Strategist 

Michigan Museums Association Annual Conference (October 19-21) 

  • Chelsea Denault, MDPN Coordinator 
  • Maria Ketcham, MCLS Board Michigan Special Library Representative 

MCLS Board of Directors Meeting and Retreat (October 25-27) 

  • Megan Dudek, Shared Library Systems Manager 
  • Scott Garrison, Executive Director 
  • Kalyn Huson, Association Coordinator and Administrative Specialist 
  • Pam Seabolt, Engagement, Consulting, and Training Manager 
  • The MCLS Board of Directors 

Michigan Library Association Annual Conference (October 28-30) 

  • Jan Davidson, Library Consultant 
  • Scott Garrison, Executive Director 
  • Gwen Haviland, Membership and Training Coordinator/Project Specialist 
  • Andrea Ingmire, MCLS Board Michigan At-Large Representative 
  • Mario Johnson, Administrative/eLicensing and Collection Resources Assistant 
  • Tara Kanon, MeLCat Support Specialist and Statewide Delivery Coordinator 
  • Jenny Kobiela-Mondor, Library Strategist 
  • Jackie Licalzi, MeLCat System Administrator 
  • Mary Ruthko, Marketing and Communication Specialist 
  • Pam Seabolt, Engagement, Consulting, and Training Manager 
  • David Votta, Interim State Librarian of Michigan 
  • Laura Warren-Gross, Engagement Strategist 
  • Lisa Waskin, MCLS Board Michigan Public Library Representative 

Michigan Association of School Librarians Annual Conference (October 28-30) 

  • Scott Garrison, Executive Director 
  • Jenny Kobiela-Mondor, Library Strategist 

In November, we hope to see you at the following conferences and events: 

Charleston Conference (November 3-6) 

  • Sarah Beaubien, eLicensing and Collection Resources Manager 
  • Scott Garrison, Executive Director 

Indiana Library Federation Annual Conference (November 8-10) 

  • Scott Garrison, Executive Director 
  • Jenny Kobiela-Mondor, Library Strategist 
  • Laura Warren-Gross, Engagement Strategist 
  • Rain Smith, MCLS Board Indiana School Library Representative 
  • Trista Smith, MCLS Board Indiana Public Library Representative 
  • Jake Speer, State Librarian of Indiana 

Michigan OER Network Conference (November 13) 

  • Sarah Beaubien, eLicensing and Collection Resources Manager 
  • Kendra Lake, MCLS Board Michigan Academic Library Representative (Vice President) 

Finally, please save the date for the MCLS Annual Meeting: Tuesday, December 8 at 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time online via Zoom. Watch your email for registration information, and we’ll look forward to seeing you there. 

Our staff work hard representing MCLS at these and other conferences and events. We hope to see you and connect. Until then, contact me anytime at garrisons@mcls.org.

Have a question, idea, or story to share? Let us know

Aug 26, 2026

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